Energy Management System For Three-Wheel Light Electric Vehicle Using Multi-Sources Energy Models

Hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, fuel-cell vehicles are just a few technologies that are being researched worldwide today. Applying renewable energy such as battery, fuel cell and super-capacitor in the electric vehicle is a smart and ideal solution. However, battery as a single-source in electric vehicle has many disadvantages such as limited travel distance and longer charging time. Besides, battery reduces its electrical characteristics through high current flow, high temperature, self-discharge and low battery capacity level. Fuel cell has low power response during sudden energy demand and requires an expensive infrastructure for refueling. In case of light fuel cell vehicle, small tank is practical for exchange tank. In super-capacitor side, it cannot support enough energy for a single powered electric vehicle purposes, however can be used as secondary power supply. Thus, an intelligent energy management system (EMS) of various sources is necessary to counterbalance the drawback of the sources. To solve the problem, the objective of the research is to develop an intelligent EMS which can conduct multi-sources for three wheel light electric vehicle (LEV). A rule-based control algorithm which contains eight states in EMS is designed to control power switches and to ensure sufficient energy is delivered to the load. The work of this research begins by electrical analysis in PSPICE simulation which focuses in circuit design and testing the state condition. A close loop vehicle system implemented with intelligent EMS is designed in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation model is simulated with a real three wheel scooter specification which has capacity of 5.4 kW DC machine. To show effectiveness of the developed vehicle system, the performance and efficiency of the vehicle simulation is compared with standard drive cycle such as ECE-47 and ECE-15. To justify the simulation model, a scaled-down lab test bench model is designed using dSPACE DS 1104. The LEV model with 18 W load power is implemented in the developed test bench prototype. As a result, the vehicle system specification for the lab test bench model is reduced accordingly to the ratio of load power. The power specifications of the multi-source models such as 30 W for fuel cell, 3 Ah for rechargeable sealed lead acid battery and 100F for super-capacitors have been used. An EMS hardware is designed to offer a bridge between MATLAB/Simulink and dSPACE DS 1104. In the EMS hardware design, the switching relay is used for selection of the sources and current transducers which are used for measuring load current and battery capacity. All input and output signals from the EMS hardware design are connected to the dSPACE DS 1104 for data presentation in graphical user interface. For the uphill simulation test, using ECE-47 drive cycle, multi-source energy models shows that the power effectiveness is 94.6% where as for the battery, as a single-source, it is 84.9%. The lab test bench model also proved that in extension of 33% of speed ECE-47 drive cycle, the energy efficiency of multi-source LEV is 80.2% which is better performance than that of combustion engine energy efficiency of 29.2%. Therefore, the system equipped with an intelligent control algorithm has promising potential in vehicle energy management applications for the future

An Energy Management of Light Electric Vehicle

Oil depletion, global warming and CO2 gas emissions have become a concern and have motivated the development of an efficient and extendable energy management system (EMS) using renewable energy sources for light vehicles. In this paper, a state-based logic control algorithm is developed for a multi-source EMS for light electric vehicle, i.e.,electric scooters. The multiple sources of energy, such as a battery, fuel cell (FC), and super-capacitor (SC), EMS and power controller are designed and modeled using MATLAB. The developed control strategies continuously support the EMS of the multiple sources of energy for a scooter under normal load conditions. The performance of the proposed system is analyzed and compared with that of the ECE-47 test drive cycle in terms of vehicle speed and load power. The results show that the designed vehicle’s speed and load power closely match those of the ECE-47 test driving cycle under normal conditions. This study results suggest that the proposed control algorithm provides an efficient and feasible EMS for light electric vehicles

Renewable Energy Technologies and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Challenges

This paper introduces the utilization of selected renewable energy technologies such as solar cell, battery, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) and super-capacitors (SCs) in the electrical vehicle industry. Combination of multiple energy resources is imperative to balance the different characteristic of each resource. Concomitantly, the need of an efficient energy management system arises within the industry. Thus, existing system from past and present undergoing research papers are summarized to give a compact overview on the technology and know-how technique to readers

Development Of A DC To DC Buck Converter For Photovoltaic Application Utilizing Peripheral Interface Controller

Nowadays, renewable energy has become one of the important energy resources in our daily lives. One of the important and promising renewable energy resource today is the photovoltaic (PV). However, weather changes contribute to the PV output power fluctuations. Thus, for a PV-related system, a closed-loop control system is necessary for ensuring the system produces a regulated dc output voltage. This paper presents the development of PIC16F877A microcontroller-based dc to dc buck converter. This converter steps down a dc voltage source to a specific voltage which suitable for other specific applications. For the PV output voltage fluctuating from 18V to 12V, the microcontroller generates a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal accordingly to control the converter switching device MOSFET IRF540, thus regulating the converter output voltage to 12V. The system simulation was carried out in the PROTEUS ISIS Professional software tool. Due to the unavailability of the PV device in this simulation software, a dc voltage source is utilized. This voltage source is varied to emulate the PV output variations. The simulation results show that the controller managed to step-down the voltage source and regulated at 11.98Vdc. The prototype was built and tested in a laboratory for validation. Due to the constrains and limitations of the PV module, an adjustable power supply was used to provide variation of input voltage levels for the buck converter. The experiment results also show that the output voltage is managed to be regulated at 12V. The results signify the efficacy of developed converter control system algorithm

Developing Power Inverter For Motor Drive System In Laboratory

In industries power inverters are used in high voltage areas, from JOO Volts to 1000 Volts. Researchers who are concentrating in the design of controlling signal in motor drive system can be in danger when high voltage is involved. lt is not practical to do research in control system using high voltage power inverter when the controlling signal is less than 24 Volts. As an alternative, it is necessary to have a system that can be done safely in a laboratory, which needs low voltage consumption of power inverter. This system can also be applied in the industry. The design of the power inverter in printed circuit board (PCB) is compact and reliable. The complex cooling system for power inverter can be eliminated and it is sufficient by using a heat sink. This power inverter is compatible with the new generation of microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP).The heart of this power inverter is a power integrated module from International Rectifier